| 种子科学实验（二） | |||||||
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一、课程基本情况 课程编号：01140510 课程总学时：96，其中：实验：96 课程学分：3 课程分类：必修 开课学期：春 开课单位：植物生产类实验教学中心 适用专业：种子科学与工程 所需先修课：植物育种原理、作物栽培学B、种子生产学、种子加工与检验 课程负责人：孙群 董学会 李保云 张志鹏 朱作峰 二、课程内容简介 种子科学实验（二）是配合植物育种原理、作物栽培学B、种子生产学、种子加工与检验四门课程的实验课程，是种子科学与工程专业的必修课之一。上述四门课程均为种子科学与工程专业的必修课。通过种子科学实验（二）的多门实验，使学生掌握作物育种、作物栽培、种子生产学、种子加工检验的基本实验技术和研究方法。 三、各部分教学纲要 第一部分 植物育种原理实验 实验1 小麦有性杂交 实验类型：综合实验 学时：4学时 基本内容：学生自己设计，将小麦有芒品种P1和无芒品种P2杂交，收获杂交种子F1。实验时设一对照（去雄的母本不授父母的花粉）。通过比较杂交穗和去雄不授粉的穗子的结实率，检测学生小麦有性杂交技术掌握的好坏。 实验室开放情况：否 实验2 小麦育种程序观摩与单株选择 实验类型：综合实验 学时：4学时 基本内容：学生通过观摩小麦育种的亲本圃、选种圃、鉴定圃和生产试验地，了解小麦育种各世代材料特点。熟悉小麦杂交育种程序及其单株选择。 实验室开放情况：否 实验3 作物抗病性鉴定技术 实验类型：综合实验 学时：4学时 基本内容：学习小麦锈病的室内接种、幼苗抗病性鉴定和田间抗病性鉴定，掌握小麦锈病反应型的界定。重点学会抗病和感病的区分界限。具备区分不同品种抗感判断能力。 实验室开放情况：否 实验4 玉米醇溶蛋白A-PAGE鉴定 实验类型：设计实验 学时：2学时 基本内容：学生通过玉米醇溶蛋白的提取和A-PAGE电泳操作，熟练掌握玉米自交系醇溶蛋白的鉴定方法。学会利用玉米醇溶蛋白的区分不同玉米自交系的方法。 实验室开放情况：否 实验5 小麦高分子量谷蛋白亚基SDS—PAGE鉴定 实验类型：设计实验 学时：2学时 基本内容：学生通过小麦高分子量谷蛋白亚基的提取和SDS-PAGE电泳操作，熟练掌握不同小麦品种高分子量谷蛋白亚基的鉴定方法。学会小麦高分子量谷蛋白亚基的区分及其与小麦品质的关系。 实验室开放情况：否 实验6 棉花纤维品质鉴定 实验类型：综合实验 基本内容：学生通过测定不同棉花品种纤维长度、纤维长度整齐度、纤维强度和纤维细度等纤维品质性状，熟练掌握棉纤维品质的鉴定方法。学会判断不同棉花品种纤维品质优劣。 学时：4学时 实验7 作物非生物逆境的分析鉴定 实验类型：综合实验 基本内容：学生通过测定不同小麦品种逆境和非逆境生长条件下叶片电导率的变化情况，掌握简接判断作物非生物逆境抗性的方法。学会判断不同品种抗非生物逆境能力的大小。 学时：4学时 实验室开放情况：否 第二部分 作物栽培学B实验 实验1 冬小麦幼穗分化的定量化测定 实验类型：综合实验 学时：4学时 基本内容：了解小麦穗结构和冬小麦幼穗分化、发育形成过程。掌握小麦幼穗分化发育形态解剖观察技术及幼穗分化主要时期形态识别和判定方法；掌握幼穗显微测量标准与换算方法；掌握幼穗显微数码摄像和测量技术，掌握冬小麦幼穗分化定量测定的研究方法，提高研究作物的能力和水平。 实验室开放情况：否 实验2 主要农作物的分类及其形态识别 实验类型：综合实验 学时：3学时 基本内容：学生通过对禾谷类作物、豆类作物、薯类作物、纤维作物、油料作物、糖料作物、药用作物、特用作物、饲料作物和绿肥作物的形态识别，了解主要农作物的生育特点，主要用途、种植价值，关键栽培技术。掌握农作物的分类方法，主要农作物种子、幼苗、植物、花序等形态识别方法和主要区分要点。 实验室开放情况：否 实验3 水稻产量性状的考察与分析 实验类型：综合实验 学时：3学时 基本内容：了解水稻四个产量因素及其形成过程，掌握水稻产量性状室内考察，计算方法。分析、总结其生长发育过程中的栽培措施是否正确。提出应调节的因素及相应技术措施，为水稻再创高产打基础。 实验4 水稻幼穗分化过程解剖观察与分析 实验类型：综合实验 学时：3学时 基本内容：学生通过对水稻幼穗分化过程的形态解剖、观察了解水稻穗结构及其分化、发育形成过程。掌握水稻幼穗分化过程的形态解剖、观察技术；掌握幼穗主要分化时期形态识别和判定方法；掌握幼穗显微测量方法和显微数码摄像技术，学习幼穗分化主要时期水稻植株内、外相关性的研究方法。 实验室开放情况：否 实验5 玉米各主要生育期的考察标准与方法 实验类型：综合实验 学时：3学时 基本内容： 学生通过对主要生育期的取样和考察了解玉米营养器官、雌、雄穗及其各器官结构、功能和分化发育过程。掌握玉米栽培常用的研究方法：掌握玉米苗期，雄穗分化始（拔节）期，大喇叭口期（四分体、肥水临界期）等主要时期取样考察项目、标准和方法，观察幼苗叶片分化与植株外部相关性，掌握玉米雌雄穗分化发育解剖观察技术，观察雌、雄穗分化进程，主要时期及其相互对应性，掌握玉米生长锥、雌、雄穗显微测量标准、方法；掌握显微数码摄像观察测量方法，为研究作物生长发育打基础。 实验室开放情况：否 第三部分 种子生产学实验 实验1玉米制种田间方案制定 实验类型：专业实验 学时：2学时 基本内容：测定父母本种子发芽率，根据父本花粉特点确定父母本行比与隔离措施，制定杂交种制种计划。 实验室开放情况：否 实验2亲本材料的播种 实验类型：专业实验 学时：4学时 基本内容：根据制定的玉米制种田间方案进行具体实施，按照确定的父母本行比与隔离措施进行播种，并观察出苗情况。 实验3田间去杂提纯技术 实验类型：专业实验 学时：4学时 基本内容：在玉米苗期、开花期与成熟期进行田间异型株识别。要求学生掌握玉米种子生产保纯的基本技术。 实验室开放情况：否 第四部分 种子加工与贮藏实验 实验1 种子物理特性的测定 实验类型：专业实验 学时：4学时 基本内容：通过测定小麦、玉米等种子的容重、比重、静止角、自流角、密度、孔隙度等物理特性，让学生掌握相关的实验方法。 实验室开放情况：否 实验2 种子风筛清选实验设备与操作 实验类型：专业实验 学时：3学时 基本内容：通过实验，要求学生了解风筛清选机的工作原理及流程，能够熟练操作，并对清选前后的种子进行质量对比。 实验室开放情况：否 实验3 种子比重清选实验设备与操作 实验类型：专业实验 学时：3学时 基本内容：通过实验，要求学生了解比重清选机的工作原理及流程，能够熟练操作，并对清选前后的种子进行质量对比。 实验室开放情况：否 实验4 种子仓库磷化铝残毒量的定性测定 实验类型：专业实验 学时：1学时 基本内容：利用酒石酸法检测熏蒸后通风不同天数的小麦种子上是否存在磷化氢残毒，并了解种子熏蒸时应注意的事项。 实验室开放情况：否 实验5 种子贮藏害虫的检验 实验类型：专业实验 学时：3学时 基本内容：通过肉眼检验、化学染色检验、剖检等多种方法检测玉米或小麦种子内外的害虫数量，要求学生掌握种子非隐蔽性及隐蔽性害虫的检测技术。 实验室开放情况：否 第五部分 种子检验学实验 实验1 种子扦样 实验类型：专业实验 学时：2学时 基本内容：通过实验，要求学生熟悉扦样工具的正确使用，掌握扦样的方法、步骤，能够扦取有代表性的送验样品。 实验室开放情况：否 实验2 净度分析 实验类型：专业实验 学时：2学时 基本内容：通过实验，要求学生掌握净种子、其他植物种子和杂质的鉴定标准，学会种子净度和其它植物种子数目的测定方法、结果计算与处理。 实验室开放情况：否 实验3 水分含量测定 实验类型：专业实验 学时：4学时 基本内容：要求学生了解不同植物种子水分测定方法，掌握花生、玉米种子水分含量的测定方法。 实验室开放情况：否 实验4 种子发芽试验 实验类型：专业实验 学时：4学时 基本内容：本实验要求学生熟悉种子的发芽条件，掌握标准发芽试验的操作技术和结果计算方法，并将实验结果与种子质量标准中发芽率或规定值进行比较。 实验室开放情况：否 实验5 幼苗鉴定 实验类型：专业实验 学时：4学时 基本内容：要求学生掌握单子叶幼苗和双子叶幼苗的主要构造、幼苗鉴定标准和计算方法。 实验室开放情况：否 实验6 种子生活力测定 实验类型：专业实验 学时：2学时 基本内容：要求学生掌握四唑测定法测定种子生活力原理、方法和判定标准、计算方法。 实验室开放情况：否 实验7 种子纯度检验（1） 实验类型：专业实验 学时：4学时 基本内容：形态测定法，要求学生能够依据不同品种籽粒外部形态和幼苗形态差异，鉴定作物定品种纯度。 实验室开放情况：否 实验8 种子纯度检验（2） 实验类型：专业实验 学时：4学时 基本内容：物理化学鉴定法，要求学生掌握苯酚染色法、愈创木酚染色法、荧光分析法鉴定种子纯度的原理和方法步骤。 实验室开放情况：否 实验9 玉米种子纯度蛋白质电泳测定 实验类型：专业实验 学时：4 基本内容：本实验要求学生了解蛋白质电泳法测定玉米种子纯度的原理、步骤。掌握测定方法。 实验室开放情况：否 实验10 种子丙二醛含量的测定 实验类型：专业实验 学时：2 基本内容：本实验要求学生掌握丙二醛测定原理，掌握丙二醛测定方法。 实验室开放情况：否 四、使用教材 尹燕枰，董学会. 种子学实验技术（第1版）. 北京：中国农业出版社，2008. 执笔人：孙群 王建华 董学会 李保云 张志鹏 审定人：王建华 2011年5月10日修订
Experiments of Seed Science 2 1. Basic information Course code: 01140510 Total teaching hours: 96 , among which 0 hours for lectures, 96 hours for experiments, 0 hours for on-line teaching. Credits: 3 Type of the course: compulsory Teaching terms: spring Owner of the course: Experimental teaching center for plant production Majors applicable: Seed Science and Technology Prerequisites: Seed Biology, Principles of Plant Breeding, Crop Cultivation B, Seed Production, Seed Processing and Testing Person in charge of the course: Dr. Sun Qun, Dr. Dong Xuehui, Prof. Li Baoyun, Dr. Zhang Zhipeng and Dr. Zhu Zuofeng 2. Course description As one of the key courses for the major of Seed Science and Engineering, Experiments of Seed Science 2 is offered in combination with key experiments of Principles of Crop Breeding，Crop Cultivation Methods and Techniques B，Seed Producing and Seed Processing and Testing which are major courses of Seed Science and Engineering. This course covers many key experiments for students mastering basic experimental techniques and research methods of crop breeding, crop cultivation, seed producing, seed processing and testing. 3. Design of teaching section PartⅠ Experiments of Plant Breeding Principles Experiment 1: wheat sexual hybridization Experiment type: comprehensive experiment. Teaching hours: 4 Basic contents: the hybridization which is designed by students is conducted between awned variety (P1) and non-awned variety(P2). The F1 hybrids will be harvested. The emasculation female parents without pollination is made as control group. Seed setting rate between hybrid group and control group is compared to evaluate the quality of this experiment. Laboratory opening up: No. Experiment 2 Wheat Breeding Process watching and learning, individual plant selection Experiment type: comprehensive experiment. Teaching hours: 4 Basic contents: Students will visit parents nursery, selection nursery, identification nursery and production test field, so they can make an increased understanding of the characteristics of materials for all generations and be familiar with the hybridization breeding and individual plant selection. Laboratory opening up: No. Experiment 3 Identification of crop disease resistance Experiment type: comprehensive experiment. Teaching hours: 4 Basic contents: Learning indoor wheat rust inoculation, identification of seedling resistance and field resistance, learned how to define wheat rust reaction type. The focus is to distinguish resistant phenotype and susceptible phenotype. Laboratory opening up: No. Experiment 4 Zein A-PAGE Experiment type: comprehensive experiment. Teaching hours: 2 Basic contents: Students learn to identify zein in maize inbred by zein extraction and A-PAGE. They also learn to distinguish different inbreds which have different zein bands in A-PAGE . Laboratory opening up: No. Experiment 5 Identification of wheat HMW gluten subunits by SDS-PAGE Experiment type: comprehensive experiment. Teaching hours: 2 Basic contents: Students learn to identify wheat HMW gluten in different varieties by gluten extraction and SDS-PAGE. The different types of subunits bands and their relationship with wheat quality must be known. Laboratory opening up: No. Experiment 6: Identification of cotton fiber quality Experiment type: comprehensive experiment. Teaching hours: 4 Basic contents: Students will master proficiently of the identification methods of cotton fiber quality and also learn to judge the merits of fiber quality of different cotton varieties through the mearsure of the cotton fiber length, fiber length uniformity, fiber strength and fiber fineness and other fiber quality traits of the different varieties. Laboratory opening up: No. Experiment 7 Analysis and identification of the abiotic stress in crop Experiment type: comprehensive experiment. Teaching hours: 4 Basic contents: Students will master indirectly the judging methods of resistant to abiotic stress and learn to judge the ability of resistant to abiotic stress in different varieties by measuring the changes of leaf conductivity of the different wheat varieties in the stress and non-stress conditions. Laboratory opening up: No. Part Ⅱ Experiments of Crop Cultivation (B) Experiment1: Quantitative determination of winter wheat spike differentiation. Experiment type: comprehensive experiment. Teaching hours: 4 Basic contents: To understand the structure, differentiation and development of winter wheat spike. Let students master the morphological anatomic observation techniques and the recognition and determination methods of main spike differentiation stages; Let students master the micro measure standards and conversion methods of spike. Let students master the photograph and measurement by micro digital camera; Let students master the research methods of the quantitative determination of the spike differentiation of winter wheat. Let students improve their capacity and levels on crops researching. Laboratory opening up: No. Experiment 2: The taxonomy and morphological recognition of main crops. Experiment type: comprehensive experiment. Teaching hours: 3. Basic contents: Through the morphological discrimination on cereal crops, legume crops, yam crops, fiber crops, oil crops, sugar crops, medicinal crops, special crops, forage crops and green manure crops, let students understand the development characteristics, main application, planting value and key cultivation techniques of the crops. Let students master the main crops classification methods, and discrimination methods of seeds, seedlings, plants, inflorescence, etc. and distinguish main points. Laboratory opening up: No. Experiment 3: Researching and analyzing of rice yield traits. Experiment type: comprehensive experiment. Teaching hours: 3. Basic contents: Equipping students with understanding the four yield traits of rice and their forming process. Let students master methods about researching and calculating yield traits indoors. Analyzing and summarizing whether cultivation measures is correct. Suggesting the yield factors which should be adjusted and the corresponding technical measures for rice high-yield. Laboratory opening up: No. Experiment 4: Anatomic observing and analyzing the young panicle differentiation stage of rice. Experiment type: comprehensive experiment. Teaching hours: 3. Basic contents: Equipping students with understanding the structure and the differentiation and development forming process on the young panicle differentiation of rice through anatomic observation. Let students master the morphological anatomic observation techniques. Let students master the pattern recognition and determination methods on young panicle differentiation main stages. Let students master the micro measurement and micro digital camera on the young panicle. Let students study the research methods on correlations between stem, leaves and spike in young panicle differentiation stages of rice. Laboratory opening up: No. Experiment 5: The research standards and methods on main maize growth stages. Experiment type: comprehensive experiment. Teaching hours: 3. Basic contents: Equipping students with understanding the structure, function and differentiation development process of maize nutritive organ, ear, tassel and other organs through sampling and researching. Let students master common maize cultivation research methods: know well the sampling and researching items, standards and methods in seedling stage, tassel initiation (jointing stage), big flare period (quadrant, fertilizer and water critical period) to observing the correlations between young seedling leaves differentiation and plant outside. Let students master the anatomical observation techniques and differentiation and development forming process and correlations between maize ear and tassel of maize. Let students master the microscopic measurement standards and methods on growth cones, ear and tassel of maize. Let students master the methods of microscopic digital camera. And all are groundwork for researching crops growth and development. Laboratory opening up: No. PartⅢ Experiments of Seed Production Experiment 1: Draw up field scheme of maize seed production Experiment Type: Specialized experiment Teaching hours: 2 Basic contents: Testing the germination percentage of the parents seeds, defining line ratio of the parents and isolation measure according to the characteristic of pollen of the parents, draw up a plan of hybrid seed production. Laboratory opening: No. Experiment 2: Sowing of parents seeds Experiment Type: Specialized experiment Teaching hours: 4 Basic contents: Putting the field scheme into effect concretely, sowing according to line ratio of the parents and isolation measures defined, and observing the seedling condition. Laboratory opening: No. Experiment 3: Technology of field purification Experiment Type: Specialized experiment Teaching hours: 4 Basic contents: Identifying the alien plants in field during seedling stage, florescence, and maturation stage of maize. Students are required to master the basic techniques of maize seed production and purification. Laboratory opening: No. Part Ⅳ Experiments of Seed Processing and Storage Experiment 1: The determination of seed physical properties Experiment Type: Specialized experiment Teaching hours: 4 Basic contents: Determining seed volume weight, specific gravity, angle of repose, angle of auto-flowing, density, porosity and so on. Laboratory opening: No. Experiment 2: Experimental facilities and operation of seed air-screening machiness Experiment Type: Specialized experiment Teaching hours: 3 Basic contents: Students are required to know about the working principle of air-screening machines as well as its process and able to manipulate them skillfully. Laboratory opening: No. Experiment 3: Experimental facilities and operation of seed specific gravity cleaner Experiment Type: Specialized experiment Teaching hours: 3 Basic contents: Students are required to know about the working principle of seed specific gravity cleaning machine as well as its process and able to manipulate them skillfully. Laboratory opening: No. Experiment 4: Qualitative test of aluminum phosphide residualtoxicdose of seed storage Experiment Type: Specialized experiment Teaching hours: 1 Basic contents: Detecting aluminum phosphide on fumigated wheat seeds which were ventilated in different days using Tartaric acid method. Let students know about the attentions when fumigating seeds. Laboratory opening: No. Experiment 5: Test of seed storage pests Experiment Type: Specialized experiment Teaching hours: 3 Basic contents: Detecting pest number inside or outside of seeds using different methods like visual test, staining test, autopsy test. Students are required to master related testing techniques of hiding and open seed pests. Laboratory opening: No. PartⅤExperiments for Seed Testing Science Experiment 1 Seed Sampling Experiment type: Specialized Experiment Teaching hours: 2 Basic components: In this experiment, students are required to know the proper use of sampling tools, master sampling methods and steps. It also requires students are able to take a representative test samples. Laboratory opening: No Experiment 2 Seed Purity Analysis Experiment type: Specialized Experiment Teaching hours: 2 Basic components: In this experiment, students are required to know the identification standards of pure seed, other plants seed and impurities. The students should master the methods, results calculated and processing of seed purity test and impurities count. Laboratory opening: No Experiment 3 Seed Moisture Content Test Experiment type: Specialized Experiment Teaching hours: 4 Basic components: Requires students to understand the seed moisture determination methods for different plants, and master the methods to determinate seed moisture content of peanut and maize. Laboratory opening: No Experiment 4 Seed Germination Test Experiment type: Specialized Experiment Teaching hours: 4 Basic components: This experiment requires students to know the germinating conditions, possess the standard germination test and results calculation. And it requires students to know how to compare the results with the germination rates in seed quality standards. Laboratory opening: No Experiment 5 Seedling Identification Experiment type: Specialized Experiment Teaching hours: 4 Basic components: Requires students to know the essential seedling structures of monocot and dicot, master the seedling identification standards and results calculation. Laboratory opening: No Experiment 6 Seed Viability Test Experiment type: Specialized Experiment Teaching hours: 2 Basic components: Requires students to master the principle, method, criteria and computing method in tetrazolium test. Laboratory opening: No Experiment 7 Seed Purity Testing (1) Experiment type: Specialized Experiment Teaching hours: 4 Basic components: Morphometry were used in this experiment, it requires students to identify the purity of crop seeds, based on the morphology and seedling morphological differences in varieties of seeds Laboratory opening: No Experiment 8 Seed Purity Testing (2) Experiment type: Specialized Experiment Teaching hours: 4 Basic components: Physical and chemical identification methods. Require students to master phenol dyeing, guaiacol dyeing and fluorescence analysis to identify seed purity, and understand the principles at the same time. Laboratory opening: No Experiment 9 Seed Purity Identification with Protein electrophoresis in Maize Experiment type: Specialized Experiment Teaching hours: 4 Basic components: This experiment requires students to understand the principles and steps of seed purity identification with protein electrophoresis in maize. Laboratory opening: No Experiment 10 Seed MDA Content Test Experiment type: Specialized Experiment Teaching hours: 4 Basic components: Requires students to possess the principle and methods of MDA content determination in seeds. Laboratory opening: No 4. Teaching materials or references: Yin Yanping，Dong Xuehui. Experimental Technology of Seed Science（1st Edition）. Beijing：China Agriculture Press，2008 Written by Dr. Sun Qun, Dr. Dong Xuehui, Prof. Li Baoyun, Dr. Zhang Zhipeng Authorized by Prof. Wang Jianhua Composed on May 10, 2011
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